Biden has consistently opposed efforts to cut taxes and frequently voted for higher taxes. He did vote for the Reagan tax cuts in 1981, although only after voting to limit them to taxpayers making less than $50,000 a year and also voting to eliminate the automatic indexing of tax brackets for inflation. Since that vote for the Reagan tax cuts, however, he has voted repeatedly for higher taxes, including for the Clinton tax hikes in 1993 and against a 1999 bill that would have reduced taxes by $792 billion over 10 years. He voted against the Bush tax cuts that included lowering rates, phasing out the estate tax, and eliminating the marriage penalty, and voted to restore high tax rates for higher-wage earners and to increase the capital gains tax.

In 2000 he did vote in favor of legislation to provide tax relief for married couples. He has voted in favor of a presidential line-item veto.

Biden played a crucial role in the “fiscal cliff” deal that allowed taxes to rise on high-income earners while the Bush tax cuts for most Americans remained in place, stepping in when Obama was unable to negotiate with Republicans to come to a compromise.

Biden has been skeptical of ‘net neutrality’ in the past, which would apply decades-old telephone regulations to the Internet and possibly put the government in control of the communications infrastructure while inhibiting the further growth and development of the Internet. He favors raising the minimum wage nationwide to at least $10.10.

Throughout his career, Biden has been an ardent supporter of organized labor. As early as his 1972 senate campaign, labor provided much of what limited funding he had available. He is an opponent of right-to-work laws, which he describes as entailing “the right to work for less” – a common, and misleading, pro-union refrain. He has even supported efforts to eliminate the voting requirement for establishing a union.

Biden’s record on free trade is mixed. He voted for NAFTA, as well as a bill to establish free trade with 70 African and Caribbean countries. He also voted to normalize trade relations with China. However, he voted against CAFTA, and against trade agreements with Singapore, Chile and Oman.

Biden has criticized former President George W. Bush for “put[ting] two wars on a credit card” and expanding entitlements without funding them. However, his concerns over debt seem largely driven by partisan politics. In 2006, he voted against a debt-limit increase, only to support them under the current administration. In terms of spending, he has consistently voted to oppose earmark reform while requesting additional earmarks.

He has voted in favor of a presidential line-item veto.

On health care, Biden is a staunch defender of the Affordable Care Act, which he infamously described as a “big (expletive) deal” in a moment unwittingly caught on microphone. He was an early and vocal supporter of the plan, which gives the federal government a much larger role in health care. He did vote against President Bush’s Medicaid Part D expansion, which provided a prescription drug benefit to seniors, although he apparently warmed up enough to the program to warn voters in 2012 that a Romney-Ryan administration would take it away.

Biden voted to eliminate tax-deductible health savings accounts, which empower consumers to control their own health care costs. He has been a consistent supporter of drug re-importation, opposed by drug companies who are concerned foreign entities will not respect patent law and that they will not be able to recoup their investment in research and development.

However, it is worth noting that Biden apparently opposed Hillary Clinton’s Universal Health Plan in 1993. According to newly released documents, Clinton had circled the word “no” next to then-Sen. Biden’s name on a list of lawmakers who either supported or opposed her plan.

Biden has generally favored expanding entitlements, and has fought efforts to privatize Social Security or limit Medicare subsidies. During the 2008 presidential campaign he said he favored eliminating the cap on income that is subject to Social Security taxes but seemed to oppose raising the retirement age, saying lifting the cap would solve a funding shortfall.  Biden also noted that he was one of the negotiators of the 1983 deal that raised Social Security taxes and raised the retirement age.

However, like many Democrats, Biden did support Bill Clinton’s welfare reform bill, which is now generally regarded as a success for economic liberty.

On immigration, Biden’s legislative track record is fairly mixed. Biden favors expanding legal immigration, and has voiced that stance as recently as 2012. He supports employer verification programs, enhanced deportation for immigrants who abuse the system, increasing border controls, and the construction of a 700-mile fence along the border.

As vice president, however, Biden has supported Obama’s recent initiative to utilize executive orders to grant what some perceive to be a de facto amnesty plan for millions of illegal immigrants. He has also supported bills that would allow guest workers to earn a path to citizenship.

Biden is a strong proponent of regulating markets to address global warming. He has supported both cap-and-trade legislation and the so-called “Windfall Profits Tax” on oil companies. The Obama administration has generally opposed energy exploration and development and has stated it will leverage the power of the EPA to curtail carbon emissions. On his part, Biden has written letters to the EPA asking it to impose stricter rules and regulations on energy producers.

Biden has opposed off-shore drilling in virtually all forms,  opposed drilling in ANWR, and even blamed fracking for causing earthquakes. He has not, however, made known his personal position on the Keystone XL pipeline, leading some to believe he might depart from the administration.

Biden has generally been supportive of agricultural subsidies. He voted against an amendment that would have stripped subsidies for sugar cane growers out of an appropriations bill, for example, but voted to limit the amount of farm subsidies that could be collected by a married couple. In 2000 he voted to provide $7.3 billion in assistance to farmers and has consistently voted in favor of dairy price controls.

Biden voted in favor of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the $700 billion taxpayer bailout of big Wall Street banks in 2008. He voted for the burdensome Sarbanes-Oxley bill in 2002 that imposed onerous accounting standards on businesses, and also voted against an amendment in 2008 that would have relieved some of those burdens for smaller publicly traded companies. He was sharply critical of Mitt Romney’s proposal to repeal Dodd-Frank’s regulation of Wall Street.

Biden is an enthusiastic supporter of corporate welfare, particularly in terms of handouts to “green energy” companies such as Solyndra. He has said instead he would give those funds to renewable-energy companies. He supports subsidies and grants to high speed rail and continues to defend the Obama administration’s bailout of General Motors and Chrysler, at an estimated cost to taxpayers of $30 billion.

Biden did in the late ’90s co-sponsor legislation with Arlen Specter to require National Football League and Major League Baseball teams pay for at least half the cost of new stadiums. Sports stadiums often are built mostly at taxpayer expense, and Biden deserves credit for trying to at least limit this particular form of corporate welfare.

Throughout the majority of his political career, Joe Biden has been known as a hawk among his Democratic peers. He served as chairman or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee starting in 1997, having been a key architect of Bill Clinton’s policy with regard to Bosnia. In fact, prior to the Clinton administration, Biden was even more strident in his efforts to get the United States involved in that region.

He has been a visible presence in Obama’s efforts to scale down the war in Iraq, visiting that country eight times since his election, including a visit in 2011 to declare a formal end to that war. However, he has joined Obama in criticizing the premise, cost and execution of the war on terrorism.

Like many Democrats who later came to oppose the war effort, Biden voted in favor of many of its signature features. He voted in favor of the Patriot Act, though he later voted against its reauthorization. He voted in favor of the use of military force in Iraq, though he authored a failed resolution to add the caveat that military force would only be allowed once all diplomatic solutions were exhausted. He later explained that he would have opposed the war as it was executed by the Bush administration.

Biden proposed in 2006 that Iraq be partitioned into three separate autonomous regions or even nations for the country’s Shia, Sunni and Kurd populations.

Biden has spoken out against Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, although he has not distanced himself from Obama’s decision not to provide arms to Ukraine that would allow it to defend itself.

During the 1980s, Biden largely opposed Reagan’s foreign policy, including voting against missile defense and aid for anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua, and also opposing the military buildup and weapons systems including the B-1 bomber, MX missile, and Trident submarine.

More recently, he has opposed cuts to defense spending, though he did support certain military base closures in 1999 as senator. In 1997, he helped to override a presidential veto of funding for 36 military projects.

Biden’s rhetoric on ISIS has been largely muted. After initially calling for justice in no uncertain terms following the death of two American journalists, Biden downplayed the ISIS threat and argued in favor of an international coalition to deal with the problem as opposed to military force. The administration has said it will not put boots on the ground to fight ISIS.

Historically, Biden has been a supporter of Israel, and he supports a two-state solution to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. However, the Obama-Biden administration has been harshly criticized for its worsening relationship with Israel including several high-profile snubs and rebukes, including its criticism of Prime Minister Netenyahu’s address to Congress and its response to an Israeli announcement regarding building plans in Jerusalem. Israel has expressed strong concern regarding the administration’s desire to get a nuclear weapons deal with Iran.

Biden supports strengthening diplomatic ties to China.

Biden has endorsed American exceptionalism, responding to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s criticism of the concept by saying, “It’s always been the story … of the journey of this country that the American people have been ahead, and I know I’ve been criticized for saying this, but I’ll say it again: That’s what makes America exceptional.” And in 2012 he told a meeting of chief justices from around the country: “The more I travel, the more I’ve learned, the more convinced I have become that this thing that we call American exceptionalism, which is controversial in the minds of some intellectuals and others, that this thing called American exceptionalism does exist,” he said. “It’s particularly found in one overarching area — in our deep commitment to the rule of law, in our courts. That’s the truly exceptional and distinguishing aspect of American democracy.”

Biden served on the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee during much of his 36-year tenure in the Senate. He chaired the committee from 1987 until 1995. He served as the ranking Democrat on the committee from 1981 through 1987, and again from 1995 through 1997.

During his time as chair of the committee, he presided over two of the most contentious Supreme Court justice nomination hearings ever, those of Robert Bork and Justice Clarence Thomas. He played a leading role in scuttling the Bork nomination and voted against Thomas as well. Some have accused Biden of having “wrecked” the judicial confirmation process with his handling of these two hearings.

During his tenure in the Senate, Biden voted on eight U.S. Supreme Court confirmations in addition to Bork and Thomas. Biden voted to confirm Justices John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O’Connor, Antonin Scalia, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsberg, and Steven Breyer while voting against John Roberts and Samuel Alito, and also voted against elevating Justice William Rehnquist to Chief Justice (he did not vote on Anthony Kennedy’s nomination).

While vice president, Biden has rarely commented on Supreme Court cases. However, he and his wife, Jill Biden, released a statement in support of the court’s decision in the Obergefell v. Hodges same-sex marriage case.

Biden has criticized the “judicial activism” of the court’s conservative bloc, saying “[i]t is now conservative judges who are supplanting the judgment of the people’s representatives and substituting their own” but who during the John Roberts confirmation hearing probed him about an end-of-life scenario and asked him “not what the Constitution says, what do you feel?”

As a former attorney, Biden has made criminal justice a key area of focus throughout his career. He is recognized as an architect of the 1994 crime bill, passed at the apex of concern over rising crime rates. Biden is a supporter of the death penalty, and the 1994 bill made people convicted of drug trafficking eligible for the death penalty. That same year, he also authored the Violence Against Women Act, which increases penalties for crimes against women while coordinating law enforcement efforts at the federal level. Many of its provisions have been struck down by the courts.

In the 1970s, Biden helped to end the policy of forced busing that was being used or proposed in some parts of the country to desegregate public schools.

Biden has voiced support for the use of executive orders to enact key administration policies, and he opposed the nominations of Robert Bork, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts and Samuel Alito.

Biden voted for No Child Left Behind, but he later said he regretted his vote and didn’t believe the act had worked. While he has remained largely silent on the subject of Common Core, there is no indication he departs from the administration on the topic.

A fierce supporter of the war on drugs, Biden has voted to create the office of drug czar. He has supported and authored numerous bills cracking down on exotic and synthetic drugs, though he has yet to weigh in on recent state efforts to legalize marijuana. He served as chairman of the International Narcotics Control Caucus.

Biden’s views on religious liberty are unclear. He defended Obamacare’s mandate requiring employers, including those with religious objections, to provide contraceptive coverage, misleading voters by saying the mandate did not apply to religious employers. But behind the scenes, Biden reportedly urged the Obama administration to scale back the mandate to protect religious employers. Like nearly every other senator in office at the time, Biden voted for the Religious Freedom Restoration Act in 1993.

Biden was highly critical of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Citizens United and is a longtime supporter of campaign finance laws that limit First Amendment political speech rights. He voted in favor of the McCain-Feingold law in 2002.

Biden is an advocate of strong gun control measures. Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Biden took the lead for the administration in a failed bid to pass more restrictive gun laws, including expanded background checks, renewal of the 1994 assault weapon ban, and limiting the capacity of weapon magazines to 10 cartridges. He was a leading supporter of the 1994 assault weapon ban. In a 2013 interview, he said the Second Amendment protected an individual right to gun ownership and specified it was intended for self-defense purposes.

Biden has a generally pro-choice record, although he has voted in the past for several restrictions including a ban on the late-term procedure known as “partial-birth abortion” and opposing federal funding for abortion. While he has been supportive of abortion rights throughout his career, he questioned the legal reasoning of Roe v. Wade during his early years in the U.S. Senate, including voting in 1982 for a constitutional amendment to overturn the decision. In more recent years, however, he has supported the decision and warned against efforts to overturn it.

Biden made news in May 2012 when he endorsed same-sex marriage, causing some turmoil for the White House because Obama still professed to oppose it. Biden lauded the 2015 decision by the Supreme Court finding a constitutional right to same-sex marriage.

Biden has largely remained consistent in the policies he has advocated, although he has engaged in relatively common political reversals such as criticizing then-Sen. Obama as too inexperienced to be president, only to then join his ticket and proclaim him ready for the Oval Office. He also reversed himself on the Senate filibuster, praising it when the Democratic minority was using it to stop Republican nominees and legislation but then heavily criticizing the practice when Republicans were in the minority and endorsing the Democrats’ use of the “nuclear option” to eliminate filibusters for nominations in 2013.

Biden has a well-known history of stretching the truth, rhetorical carelessness, and a habit of exaggeration. He withdrew from the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination fight after he was found to be plagiarizing his speeches from a British Labor Party leader, including borrowing biographical details. He also received an F in a law school class after being found to be plagiarizing and substantially inflated his academic achievements and standing on the campaign trail in 1988.

Biden’s statements regarding his personal finances are another example of stretching the truth. There is no suggestion Biden has personally benefited from his time in office, as he was routinely among the least-wealthy members of the U.S. Senate. But at a June 2014 event he claimed, “I don’t own a single stock or bond. … I have no savings accounts. But I got a great pension, and I got a good salary.” Aside from the fact that he and his wife do in fact share a savings account (and his wife has four in her own name), Biden owns six whole life insurance policies, which are not technically savings accounts but are basically life insurance with a tax-favored savings account attached.

Throughout his career, Biden has demonstrated a willingness to take on members of his own party, particularly on issues related to foreign policy. He also endured political criticism for his opposition to mandatory busing in his home state, and has taken his party to task at certain points for being soft on crime.

A relative moderate on trade, Biden has gone to bat for both Bill Clinton and Obama on trade issues. He was a supporter of NAFTA and has publicly confronted Democratic leadership over their concerns with Obama’s free-trade agenda.

In concert with his commitment to fighting crime, Biden cites the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 as his most significant piece of legislation.

A prolific lawmaker, Biden has been a key influencer on issues related to foreign policy, budgets, criminal justice and the judiciary.

He was a major factor in Bill Clinton’s Bosnia efforts, and also a supporter of Clinton’s welfare reform bill.

Biden has few written works of note, save for a conventional 2007 memoir titled Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics.

Considered one of the best retail politicians in the country, Biden rose quickly through the ranks of the Senate. In 1981, he became the ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee. A prolific lawmaker, Biden has been a key influencer on issues related to foreign policy, budgets, criminal justice and the judiciary.

Biden has demonstrated an ability to work across party lines. He is a noted friend of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and has worked with him on key compromises throughout his tenure as vice president.

Biden took the lead for the Obama administration in an effort to pass significant gun control legislation following a mass shooting in December 2012, but nothing was passed. Some suggested Biden’s slow-moving, consensus-building style and deference in allowing Democratic senators to negotiate and advance the bill were obstacles to passage.

A prolific fundraiser throughout his career, Biden raised $29 million between 1989 and 2010 in spite of holding a safe Senate seat. Even during his failed 1988 bid for the nomination, he was leading the pack in terms of dollars raised before the plagiarism scandal undid his candidacy.

As a senator, Biden has leveraged his political craftsmanship and tenure to make inroads with Democratic presidents. As early as the Carter administration, he was heavily involved with foreign policy matters at the executive level. He was a major factor in Bill Clinton’s Bosnia efforts, and also a supporter of Clinton’s welfare reform bill.

Throughout his career, Biden has been stymied by his inability to control his own message. At varying times throughout his presidency, Obama’s team has been compelled to silence Biden and shelter him from the media eye.

His propensity toward impromptu, folksy explanations of policy matters and his tendency to outright invent facts has made him the target of derision. He has often been caught inventing details of his history and family life to match thematic elements of particular speeches (he referenced a non-existent diner in his 2008 convention speech) and even went so far as to claim FDR took to the airwaves on television after the 1929 stock market crash to reassure the American people. Of course, Herbert Hoover was president in 1929, and outside of a few researchers no Americans had televisions at that time.

In 2008, Biden again ran for the Democratic nomination. Again, Biden’s words got him in trouble as he described fellow candidate Barack Obama as a “clean and nice-looking” African-American. The racially charged statements did nothing to help his flagging candidacy, and he dropped out early on in the race after a poor showing in Iowa.

Even by his own admission, Joe Biden’s greatest vulnerability is Joe Biden. More to the point, his propensity for off-the-cuff remarks, unsubstantiated claims and outright fictions have been lampooned endlessly. While Democrats tend to get more latitude from the mainstream media when it comes to gaffes, the right-of-center blogosphere will be champing at the bit to play the gotcha game.

His propensity toward impromptu, folksy explanations of policy matters and his tendency to outright invent facts has made him the target of derision. He has often been caught inventing details of his history and family life to match thematic elements of particular speeches (he referenced a non-existent diner in his 2008 convention speech) and even went so far as to claim FDR took to the airwaves on television after the 1929 stock market crash to reassure the American people. Of course, Herbert Hoover was president in 1929, and outside of a few researchers no Americans had televisions at that time.

The impact of plagiarism scandals remains to be seen, but it may be given new life given the impact a similar scandal had on the 2014 Montana Senate race. While the instances themselves were of lesser import, the fact that there is more than one instance will surely provide fodder for opponents to question his integrity.

Biden has been criticized by some for his handling of the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court confirmation hearings in 1991, which could hurt him with female voters. According to these critics, Biden failed to allow several women to testify who might have corroborated Anita Hill’s stories of sexual harassment, and could have done more to bolster her testimony and cast doubt on Thomas.

Biden’s son Hunter worked for a lobbying firm with heavy ties to the banking industry, raising questions about the degree to which banks had direct access to the senator himself. Critics dismissively described Biden as “the senator from MBNA”.

Biden’s brother James may have used his family connections to help a construction firm at which he was an executive land a lucrative $1.5 billion contract for building affordable housing in Iraq. James Biden had no known experience or qualifications in the homebuilding industry prior to being hired as executive vice president at Hill International, and the contract was awarded just six months after he joined. There is little to suggest Joe Biden personally intervened or benefited from the awarding of the contract, but opponents are likely to bring this up as an example of a powerful politician steering taxpayer dollars to favored companies and interests.

Biden will certainly need to address concerns about his age. If elected president, Biden will be 74 by the time he assumes office. While he appears vigorous and energetic, many of his health problems have been quite severe (he was read the last rites in 1988). Any indication that his health is failing may compel him to abandon his candidacy entirely.

Joseph Biden receives a high score for political skills but low marks for ethics and communication.

He has been a prolific lawmaker and successful politician. However, he holds liberal views on high taxes, bigger government and opposition to religious liberty and conservative policies. On national security, he is all over the place – opposing nearly all of President Ronald Reagan’s efforts to end the Soviet Union and supporting all of President Barack Obama’s efforts across the world.

His low communication score stems from what he says and how he says it. He is often no-nonsense and has been prone to gaffes, lies, and gross exaggerations throughout his entire political career.

As a strong alternative to Hillary Clinton, Biden can be counted on to raise big money in a race for the Democratic nomination. And though he is prone to gaffes in his public speeches, there is a high likelihood that Biden can minimize those gaffes in a serious race.